setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION); $pdo->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_DEFAULT_FETCH_MODE, PDO::FETCH_ASSOC); // Enable foreign keys & UTF-8 $pdo->exec("PRAGMA foreign_keys = ON;"); $pdo->exec("PRAGMA encoding = 'UTF-8';"); return $pdo; } catch (PDOException $e) { throw new Exception("SQLite error: " . $e->getMessage()); } }